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The Lwów pogrom (also called the Lemberg pogrom) of the Jewish population of Lviv took place on November 21–23, 1918 during the Polish-Ukrainian War. In the course of the three days of unrest in the city, an estimated 52–150 Jewish residents were killed and hundreds injured, with widespread looting carried out by Polish soldiers,〔 and those only pretending to be so, as well as lawless civilians,〔〔 and local criminals.〔 Two hundred and seventy more Ukrainians were killed during this time as well.〔〔 The Poles did not stop the pogrom until two days after it began. Over a thousand people, including some soldiers, were arrested by Polish authorities during and after the pogrom.〔〔〔 Some early accounts of the pogrom, listing multiple thousands of casualties, were likely exaggerated.〔〔 The events, widely publicized in the international press, led to US President Woodrow Wilson appointing a commission, led by Henry Morgenthau, Sr., tasked with investigating excesses against the Jewish population in newly established sovereign Poland after 123 years of partitions by neighbouring empires. The report was published on October 3, 1919.〔 Historian William Hagen noted, that in the chaos of war, the Polish army allowed for the recruitment of common criminals released from local prisons along with deserters from the Habsburg, German and Russian armies, which turned disastrous.〔 ==Background== In 1918, the Jews of Galicia found themselves caught in the midst of the post-World War I Polish-Ukrainian conflict, and fell victim to a rising wave of pogroms across the region, fueled by post-World War I lawlessness. In early 1918 a wave of pogroms swept across Polish-inhabited towns in the western areas of Galicia, committed largely by demobilized soldiers and deserters from the army. Throughout the 1918–19 Polish-Ukrainian conflict, Jews had served as scapegoats for the frustrations of the warring forces. Before withdrawing from the town, the retreating Austrian forces let the criminals out of the prisons, some of whom volunteered to join Polish militia and fight against the Ukrainians.〔〔〔 The town was also full of Austrian army deserters. Polish authorities also armed a number of volunteers (including some former criminals) who promised to fight the Ukrainians.〔 In the first days of the Polish-Ukrainian conflict, the Polish quarter of Lwów was defended only by a group of poorly armed volunteers, mainly students and even younger people in their early teens, known in Polish historiography as Lwów Eaglets.〔(In Defense of Lwow and the Eastern Borderlands )〕 A sizable group of Polish defenders, however, consisted of petty criminals.〔 On November 9–10, the Jews of Lwów formed a militia and declared their neutrality in the Polish-Ukrainian conflict over the city.〔 Other than reports of isolated instances of Jewish support for the Ukrainian side, Lwów's Jews remained officially neutral; the accounts of sporadic Jewish support for the Ukrainians would serve as a rationale for accusations that most Jews adopted the anti-Polish stance.〔〔 The criminal elements within the Polish forces sometimes engaged in theft or armed robbery while wearing Polish insignia; when these criminals were fired on by the Jewish self-defence militia, some Poles believed that the Jews were fighting against Poland.〔 The West Ukrainian People's Republic respected Jewish neutrality and during the two weeks that the city was controlled by Ukrainian forces there were no incidents of anti-Jewish violence. Poles resented the proclaimed Jewish neutrality, and there were reports, leading to exaggerated rumors, that some Jews, including the militia, collaborated with the Ukrainians in various ways, up to actively engaging the Polish forces.〔〔 On the morning November 22, after taking the city in the night of November 21 to November 22, and amidst rumors that Lwów's Jews would be made to pay for their "neutrality" in the Polish-Ukrainian conflict, Polish forces interned and disarmed the Jewish militia.〔〔 The riots, including pogroms in the Jewish quarters (but an even larger disturbance in the Ukrainian quarters, with three times as many dead),〔 broke out after Polish forces managed to get control over all parts of the city, including the Jewish quarters, where they encountered resistance from Jewish-Ukrainian sympathizers.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lwów pogrom (1918)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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